In Arizona, how is "negligent infliction of emotional distress" established?

Negligent infliction of emotional distress in Arizona requires demonstrating that the defendant's conduct was extreme and outrageous. This legal standard emphasizes the severity of the defendant's actions and their potential to cause significant emotional distress to the plaintiff. Unlike some other tort claims, where intent to harm or physical injury may be a prerequisite, negligent infliction focuses on the impact of the defendant's behavior on the emotional well-being of the plaintiff.

In Arizona, the plaintiff must show that the outrageous conduct was a substantial factor in causing their emotional distress. This aligns with the principle that not just any negligent act suffices; the conduct must exceed the bounds of decency and be regarded as intolerable in a civilized society. As such, focusing on the nature and extremity of the conduct is central to establishing this claim.

The other options do not accurately capture the necessary components needed to establish this claim under Arizona law. For instance, intent to harm is irrelevant in cases of negligent infliction because it is based on negligence rather than intentional wrongdoing. Similarly, while showing physical injuries or economic loss may support other types of claims, they are not necessary elements for establishing negligent infliction of emotional distress in Arizona.